Class 10 Science is a biology chapter of Control and Coordination . It is nit easy but i can explain you in simple terms. Its explains to how animals and plants are control their bodies to response . All Living organisms need a proper system to sense think, react, and grow correctly.
In animals and other things, work is done mainly by the nervous system and hormones. In plants, movements and growth are controlled by plant hormones. This chapter is scoring and often asked in exams. If you understand diagrams, functions. You can easily score good marks. These Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes will help you revise fast and understand every topic clearly.
1. What is Control and Coordination?
Control and coordination means managing the body activities. its make a different body parts work together properly.
Simple Definition:
It is the process by which living organisms receive information, and it is a process they own and give a proper response.
Importance in Living Organisms:
- It helps body parts to work together
- Its can help to respond a danger
- Its help to growth and to development its.
Maintains balance in body
It helps to survival in changing environment
2. Control and Coordination in Animals
Animals use two systems:
| 🧠 Nervous System | 🧬 Endocrine System |
|---|---|
| Its use works through nerve impulses (electrical signals) | Works through hormones (chemical signals) |
| Its response Very fast | Slow but long-lasting response |
| Its can Controlled by brain and spinal cord | Controlled by endocrine glands |
| Its Uses aneurons (nerve cells) | its Uses hormones released into the blood |
| Its Response is immediate | its Response takes time is vary show effect |
| For Example: pulling hand from hot object or hot fire touch | for Example: growth and metabolism control |
| its travels through signal to nerves | its travels through signal to blood |
| Its effect is very short-term | ita Effect vary long-term |
Nervous System
The nervous system controls quick actions in the body. It receives messages and sends responses
| Main Part | Description | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Brain | Our brain controls a center of the body | It controls thinking, memory, emotions, and other body activities |
| Spinal Cord | It’s a long bundle of nerves connected with a brain | It controls reflex actions and connects a brain with a body. |
| Nerves | It’s a network of nerve cells and it’s spread throughout the body. | It carries messages between brain to body parts |
Reflex Action
A quick automatic response without thinking is called reflex action.
Example:
Touching a hot object and pulling your hand back quickly.
Reflex Arc:
Receptor → Sensory neuron → Spinal cord → Motor neuron → Effector
Human Brain Parts and Functions
Brain Part Function
Forebrain: thinking, memory, smell
The midbrain controls reflexes for eyes and ears
Hindbrain Balance, heartbeat, breathing
3. Coordination in Plants
Plants do not have nerves, but they still respond to surroundings.
Movement in Plants
Plant movements happen due to growth or changes in cells.
Response to Stimuli
Stimuli means changes in environment like light, water, touch, gravity.
Tropic Movements
Directional growth movement of plants towards or away from stimulus.
Phototropism
Movement towards light.
Example: A shoot bends toward sunlight.
Geotropism
Movement due to gravity.
Example: A root grows downward.
Hydrotropism
Movement toward water.
Example: Roots grow toward moisture.
Thigmotropism
Movement due to touch.
Example: Climber coils around support.
Chemotropism
Movement due to chemicals.
Example: A pollen tube grows toward an ovule.
4. Plant Hormones
Plant hormones control growth and movement.
Auxin
Helps stem growth
Causes bending toward light
Gibberellin
Helps stem growth
Helps seed germination
Cytokinin
promotes cell division
Helps growth of buds
Abscisic Acid
Stops growth
Causes leaf fall
Helps plant during stress
5. Animal Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands.
Endocrine Glands
These glands release hormones directly into blood.
Examples:
- thyroid gland
- Pancreas
- Pituitary gland
- Adrenal gland
- Adrenaline
- Released during fear or stress
- Increases heartbeat
- Gives extra energy
Thyroxine
- Controls metabolism
- Needs iodine
- Growth Hormone
- Helps body growth
- Secreted by pituitary gland
Insulin
- controls sugar level in blood
- Secreted by pancreas
Animal Coordination vs Plant Coordination
| Feature | Plants (Coordination) | Animals (Coordination) |
|---|---|---|
| Control System | Do not have nervous system, use hormones | Have nervous system + hormonal system |
| Speed of Response | Slow response | Very fast response |
| Type of Signal | Chemical signals (Plant hormones like Auxin) | Electrical + chemical signals |
| Main Control Units | No brain, coordination done by hormones | Brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| Movement | Cannot move from place to place (only parts move) | Can move whole body |
| Example 1 | Sunflowers bend towards sunlight (phototropism). | Withdrawal of hand from hot object (Reflex action) |
| Example 2 | Roots grow towards water (hydrotropism). | Running away from danger (Fight or flight response) |
| Example 3 | Climbing plants respond to support (thigmotropism). | Heartbeat increases during fear or stress |
7. NCERT Important Points
- The brain is the main control center.
- Neurons carry messages.
- Reflex action is an automatic response.
- Spinal cord controls reflexes.
- Hormones are chemical messengers.
- Auxin helps plant growth.
- Insulin controls sugar level.
- Thyroxine needs iodine
- Plants show tropic movement.
- Coordination helps survival.
Here is a CBSE-style full Question Bank (50 Questions with answers).
PART A: MCQs (1 Mark)—20 Questions
1. Reflexes are actions controlled by:
a) Brain b) Spinal cord c) Heart d) Liver
Ans: b
2. Hormone can control blood sugar :
a) Thyroxine b) Insulin c) Adrenaline d) Auxin
Ans: b
3. Growth light:
a) Geotropism b) Phototropism c) Hydrotropism d) Chemotropism
Ans: b
4. Thyroxine is secreted by which?
a) Pancreas b) Thyroid c) Pituitary d) Adrenal
Answer: b
5. Basic unit of nervous system:
a) Neuron b) Blood cell c) Muscle d) Bone
Ans: a
6. Brain is part of:
a) PNS b) CNS c) Endocrine d) Excretory
Ans: b
7. Adrenaline is released during when
a) Sleep b) Stress c) Digestion d) Growth
Ans: b
8. Shoots show which?
a) Positive phototropism b) Negative geotropism c) Both a & b d) None
Ans: c
9. spinal cord is protected by:
a) Skull b) Vertebral column c) Ribs d) Skin
Ans: b
10. Neurons carry
?
a) Blood b) Impulses c) Food d) Oxygen
Ans: b
11. Master glandare?
a) Thyroid b) Pituitary c) Pancreas d) Adrenal
Ans: b
12. Hydrotropism is movement towards to?
a) Light b) Water c) Gravity d) Chemicals
Ans: b
13. Reflex actions is?
a) Slow b) Voluntary c) Automatic d) Learned
Ans: c
14. Chemotropism example:
a) Root growth b) Pollen tube growth c) Stem growth d) Leaf movement
Ans: b
15. Insulin is secreted by:
a) Liver b) Pancreas c) Thyroid d) Kidney
Ans: b
16. Midbrain can controls
a) Balance b) Vision & hearing c) Digestion d) Growth
Ans: b
17. Movement in plants is controlled by:
a) Muscles b) Hormones c) Blood d) Bones
Ans: b
18. Signal is carrying cell:
a) Neuron b) RBC c) WBC d) Platelet
Ans: a
19. Negative geotropism is seen in:
a) Roots b) Shoots c) Leaves d) Flowers
Ans: b
20. Coordination in the body is done by:
a) Nervous system b) Digestive system c) Excretory system d) Circulatory
Ans: a
PART B: SHORT ANSWER (2–3 Marks) – 15 Questions
21. What are reflex action?
A reflex action is an automatic quick response without brain involvement. Controlled by spinal cord.
22. Name parts of brain.
The name of part is.Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain.
23. Define neuron.
Neyron is a Functional unit of nervous system carrying impulses.
24. Function of spinal cord.
The spinal cord carries signals and controls the reflex actions.
25. What is phototropism?
Phototropism is a Growth of plant towards light.
26. Function of insulin.
Insulin controls blood and glucose levels.
27. What is the endocrine system?
The endocrine system helps glands release hormones directly into blood.
28. What is adrenaline?
Adrenaline is a stress hormone preparing body for fight or flight.
29. What is geotropism?
Geotropism is a Growth and response to gravity.
30. Why is iodine are important?
Iodine helps with thyroxine hormone production.
31. Difference between nervous and hormonal control.
Difference between nervous and hormonal control are:
Feature | Nervous Control | Hormonal (Endocrine) Control |
|---|---|---|
| System Used | Is the nervous system like (brain, spinal cord, and nerves? | It’s an endocrine system (like glands). |
| Type of Signal | It is to transfer Electrical impulses | It can transfer Chemical hormones |
| Speed of Action | It is Very fast | It is very Slow |
| Duration of Effect | It is short-term. | It is long-lasting. |
| Area of Effect | it can Acts on specific muscles or glands. | It can Affects whole body or multiple organs |
| Control Center | Brain and spinal cord | Hormones released by glands |
| Example | Reflex action (hand withdrawal from hot object) | Insulin controls blood sugar level |
32. What is hydrotropism?
Hydrktropism is a Growth towards water.
33. Function is apituitary gland.
Controls other glands.
34. What is a stimulus?
Stimulus is a change that in environment causing response.
35. What is coordination?
Coordination is a Proper working of body systems together.
PART C: CASE-BASED—5 Questions
36. object reflex case:
A student touches hot pan and withdraws hand.
Ans: reflex action is controlled by spinal cord.
37. Plant bending case:
Plant bends toward sunlight.
Ans :Phototropism due to auxin.
38. Stress case:
Heartbeat is increases during exam fear.
Ans: Adrenaline hormone is responsible.
39. Root growth case:
Roots grow downward in soil.
Ans: Positive geotropism.
40. Pollen tube is a case:
Pollen tube grows towards the ovule.
Ans: Chemotropism.
PART D: LONG ANSWER (5 MARKS) – 10 Questions
41. Explain nervous system in humans.
Ans: The human nervous system controls and coordinates body activities. It consists of CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (nerves). The brain controls thinking, memory, emotions, and voluntary actions. The spinal cord carries signals between brain and body and controls reflex actions. Neurons are basic units that transmit electrical impulses. This system ensures fast response to stimuli and proper coordination of body parts.
42. Explain reflex action with diagram concept.
Ans:Reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus. It is controlled by the spinal cord. When receptors detect a stimulus, sensory neurons send signals to spinal cord. It immediately sends response through motor neurons to muscles. Example: pulling hand from hot object. It protects body from harm.
43. Explain tropic movements in plants.
Ans: Tropic movements are directional growth responses of plants. Phototropism is growth towards light. Geotropism is growth towards gravity. Hydrotropism is growth towards water. Chemotropism is growth towards chemicals. These movements are controlled by plant hormones like auxin and help plants survive.
44. Explain endocrine glands and hormones.
Ans:Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones into blood. Hormones regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Pituitary gland controls other glands. Thyroid produces thyroxine. Pancreas produces insulin. Adrenal gland produces adrenaline. Hormones maintain body balance.
45. Write the Difference between nervous and endocrine system.
Nervous system works through electrical impulses and is fast. Endocrine system works through hormones and is slow. Nervous system uses nerves while endocrine uses blood. Nervous control is short-term, hormonal control is long-term.
46. Explain brain structure and functions.
Ans: The brain has three parts: forebrain (thinking, memory), midbrain (vision, hearing), hindbrain (balance, breathing). It controls all body ativities and coordinates responses.
47. Explain role of adrenaline.
Ans: Adrenaline is a hormone released during stress. It increases heart rate, breathing rate, and energy supply. It prepares the body for emergencies like fight or flight.
48. Explain neuron structure.
Ans: A neuron has dendrites (receives signals), cell body (processes signals), and an axon (send signals). It carries impulses throughout the body.
49. Explain control and coordination in plants.
Ans: Plants do not have nervous system. They use hormones like auxin for coordination. These hormones control growth and movement like phototropism and geotropism.
50. Explain the importance of iodine and the thyroid gland.
Ans: Iodine is needed for thyroid hormone production. The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine, which controls metabolism and growth. Its deficiency causes goitre.
Conclusion
Class 10 Science Control and Coordination is a very useful and scoring chapter. It teaches how animals use nerves and hormones, while plants use hormones and growth responses. If you remember brain parts, reflex action, hormones, and tropic movements, you can answer most questions easily.